Root length and biomass were generally reduced, while root length per shoot biomass was enhanced under N and P deficiency. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 50 field studies to identify the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), or potassium (K) deficiencies on the root systems of common crops. However, the respective trait responses are complex, particularly at the field scale, and poorly understood due to difficulties in root phenotyping monitoring, inaccurate sampling, and environmental conditions. Plant root traits play a crucial role in resource acquisition and crop performance when soil nutrient availability is low. 14Emmy Noether Group Root Functional Biology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.13Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.12School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.11Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3, Agrosphere), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.10Plant Nutrition Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.9Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.8Institute of Bio-Geosciences (IBG-2, Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.7Crop Science, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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